New year: practices that mark them

Fire, first-footing, divination for the year and the clearing of the old.

The new year is a moment for clearing the old and divining the new. Customs include Chinese red envelopes and firecrackers, Nowruz and its haft-sin table in Persian lands, Scottish first-footing and Hogmanay fire, Japanese bell-ringing and hatsumode, the Thai and Burmese water festivals, Rosh Hashanah foods, Diwali in India and the grapes eaten at midnight in Spain. This page looks at how people across the world mark the turning of the year.

Clearing the old

Many cultures clean and settle debts before the year turns. Chinese families clean the house before the festival, and sweeping on the day itself is avoided so luck is not swept away. In Iran, people jump over small fires on the last Wednesday evening of the year. Japan's temples ring 108 bells, which Buddhists link with human worldly desires. Fireworks and noise are widely said to drive off harm. Many families also pay debts and settle quarrels before the day, so the year can start fresh.

Divining the year

The year is read for omens. Scots say the first person to enter after midnight shapes the household's luck, and their gifts and looks are noted. Greek families break a pomegranate. In Mexico and Italy, foods and colours of clothing are chosen for luck in love or money. Astrologers publish forecasts and diviners in Asia and Africa are consulted at this time. Others take a more reflective path: Jewish families hold a period of repentance, and Zoroastrian and Hindu households light lamps and make offerings.

Politics and calendars

Calendars differ, so there are many new years: lunar in East Asia, solar in Persian lands, tied to harvests in India and Southeast Asia. Governments have banned and revived festivals, as in the Soviet and Cultural Revolution campaigns against old customs. Fireworks are now restricted in many Chinese cities for safety and air quality. These local customs vary widely and are often kept by older relatives. Customs also tend to ask for harmony, such as avoiding arguments, keeping the house tidy and visiting elders.

Commerce and caution

Forecasts and lucky charms are a seasonal market. Resolutions have become secular rites of self-improvement. Fireworks, bonfires and drink bring real injuries each year, and a celebration is no reason to skip care. Public celebration of the new year is often marked by a countdown, music, food and shared greeting, and it provides a regular moment of family contact and new resolve in places as different as Seoul, Lagos, Tehran and Buenos Aires, and the date and the customs may differ from one country to the next.

New year on EveryJaadu

The entries written up so far, best known first.

RegionSouth Asia Southeast Asia East Asia Central Asia and the Caucasus Middle East North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Europe North America Latin America and the Caribbean Oceania

KindTradition Rite Charm Oracle Substance Being Figure Text Illusion Belief

PurposeProtection Healing Seeing and foretelling Luck and prosperity Love and attraction Cursing and harm Cleansing and purification Speaking with spirits and the dead Change and initiation Binding and oaths Power and authority Wonder and entertainment

WhoShamans Folk healers Priests and ritual specialists Witches, sorcerers and cunning folk Diviners and readers Mediums and the possessed Ceremonial magicians and alchemists Households and ordinary people Stage magicians Scholars and sceptics

BeliefHindu and Tantric Buddhist Jain Muslim and Sufi Jewish Christian Sikh Zoroastrian Shinto and Taoist Indigenous and shamanic African and Afro-diasporic Pagan and Neopagan Esoteric and occult Folk and village custom Secular and stage Other traditions

StandingLiving Revived Fading Historical Legendary Performed

OrderBest known A to Z Newest Living first

🇨🇳 China and 5 moreSky lantern天燈 A paper hot air balloon lifted by flame to carry wishes and blessingsRite · Luck and prosperity · Protection Living

🇯🇵 JapanDaruma doll達磨 A round Japanese talisman that rights itself when knocked overCharm · Luck and prosperity · Power and authority Living 🇨🇳 China and 4 moreKitchen God灶君 The Chinese hearth deity who reports domestic conduct to the Jade EmperorBeing · Protection · Luck and prosperity Living

🇲🇳 Mongolia and 1 moreTsagaan SarЦагаан сар A Mongol lunisolar new year marked by white clothes and dairy feastsTradition · Luck and prosperity · Speaking with spirits and the dead Living

🇨🇳 China and 5 moreJoss paper金紙 Paper burned as money and goods for ancestors, gods and the deadCharm · Speaking with spirits and the dead · Luck and prosperity Living

🇯🇵 JapanSetsubun節分 A Japanese seasonal rite to drive away bad luck and welcome spring with roasted beansRite · Protection · Luck and prosperity Living

🇯🇵 JapanOfudaお札/御札 (ofuda) Paper and wooden talismans from Japanese Shinto shrines and Buddhist templesCharm · Protection · Cleansing and purification Living

🇨🇳 China and 2 moreMenshen門神 Guardian figures pasted to doors in Chinese folk religion to protect homes from evil.Belief · Protection · Luck and prosperity Living

🇰🇷 South Korea and 1 moreDaeboreum대보름 A Korean lunar holiday marking the first full moon with nut-cracking and field firesTradition · Protection · Luck and prosperity Living 🇨🇳 ChinaNian年兽 (Nián shòu) A mythical creature linked to Chinese New Year customs and the lion danceFigure · Cursing and harm · Wonder and entertainment Legendary

🇯🇵 JapanOmamori御守/お守り Japanese amulets from shrines and temples for luck and protectionCharm · Protection · Luck and prosperity Living 🇯🇵 JapanYutaユタ Okinawan folk shamans who guide families through spirits and fortune-tellingTradition · Protection · Healing Living

🇰🇷 South KoreaGut굿 Rites performed by Korean shamans to commune with spirits and ensure community welfare.Rite · Protection · Speaking with spirits and the dead Living 🇯🇵 JapanOmamori (sample)お守り A small shrine charm in a brocade pouch.Charm · Protection · Luck and prosperity Living

🇯🇵 JapanHatsuyume初夢 The first dream of the new year and its traditional omensBelief · Seeing and foretelling · Luck and prosperity Living

🇯🇵 JapanHamaya破魔矢 A blunt arrow given at shrines to ward off evil and secure good luck for the new yearCharm · Protection · Luck and prosperity Living 🇯🇵 JapanJapanese superstitions Common beliefs in Japan about luck, numbers, and omens rooted in language and customBelief · Luck and prosperity · Protection Living 🇨🇳 China and 1 moreZhengde Tongbao正德通寶 A fantasy cash coin used as a Chinese and Vietnamese amulet for luck and protection.Charm · Luck and prosperity · Protection Living

🇨🇳 China and 1 moreShamanism in the Qing dynasty State-managed rituals of the Manchu rulers and their shamansTradition · Protection · Healing Historical

🇯🇵 JapanKabura-ya鏑矢 A Japanese arrow with a whistling tip used in ritual archery and Shinto ritesSubstance · Protection · Speaking with spirits and the dead Living

🇯🇵 Japan and 4 moreKṣitigarbhaक्षितिगर्भ A bodhisattva vowed to empty the hells and guard children, shown with a staff and jewel.Being · Protection · Speaking with spirits and the dead Living

🇯🇵 JapanHoshi Matsuri星まつり A Buddhist ritual to honor stars and pray for protection from disasterRite · Protection · Luck and prosperity Living

🇨🇳 ChinaFlying Star Feng Shui A Chinese feng shui school that charts a building's nine squares for good and bad qiTradition · Seeing and foretelling · Luck and prosperity Living

🇯🇵 JapanKayu ura粥占 A Japanese Shinto divination ritual using rice or bean gruel to predict the harvest.Rite · Seeing and foretelling · Luck and prosperity Living

🇨🇳 ChinaFish in Chinese mythology鱼 (yú) A cultural symbol of wealth and abundance in Chinese traditionBelief · Luck and prosperity · Love and attraction Living

🇯🇵 JapanOkiagari-koboshi起き上がり小法師 A Japanese roly-poly doll that rights itself when knocked overCharm · Luck and prosperity · Power and authority Living

🇨🇳 China and 1 moreMoney tree搖錢樹 A mythical tree of fortune and a Chinese New Year custom for wealthFigure · Luck and prosperity · Power and authority Living

🇯🇵 JapanOmamori御守/お守り Japanese amulets from shrines and temples for luck and protectionCharm · Protection · Luck and prosperity Living

Photo credits on this page

The small pictures above come from Wikimedia Commons under free licences. Some are cropped to fit.

Hatsuyume: Takeuchi Seihō, Public domain, source
Daruma doll: Crisco 1492, Public domain, source
Kabura-ya: urasimaru, CC BY-SA 2.0, source
Tsagaan Sar: User:Chinneeb, CC BY-SA 3.0, source
Hamaya: Tomomarusan, CC BY 2.5, source
Setsubun: Unknown author, CC BY-SA 3.0, source
Ofuda: 教派研究 (Sectarian research), CC BY-SA 3.0, source
Menshen: Taiwankengo, CC BY-SA 3.0, source
Daeboreum: hojusaram, CC BY-SA 2.0, source
Omamori: Leongboy1, Public domain, source
Gut: ReSearcher at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, source
Shamanism in the Qing dynasty: A nineteenth-century team of editors., Public domain, source
Sky lantern: Richy, CC BY-SA 3.0, source
Okiagari-koboshi: Unknown author, CC BY-SA 3.0, source
Money tree: Pratyeka, CC BY-SA 4.0, source
Joss paper: Vmenkov, CC BY-SA 3.0, source
Kṣitigarbha: སངས་རྒྱས་བཅོམ་ལྡན་འདས།, Public domain, source
Hoshi Matsuri: Anonymous ( Japan ) Unknown author, CC0, source
Flying Star Feng Shui: Unknown author, Public domain, source
Kayu ura: Yatukiyurei, CC BY-SA 4.0, source
Fish in Chinese mythology: Daderot, Public domain, source