Beliefs, omens and superstitions of the world

Beliefs, omens and superstitions are the small customs people keep without asking why: knocking on wood, salt over the shoulder, avoiding the number thirteen, the evil eye, a black cat crossing the road, a first visitor of the new year. They are found on every continent and are rarely tied to a priest or book. This page looks at where they come from, what the word superstition hides, and why they persist.

What they look like

Beliefs differ by place. The number four is avoided in China, Japan and Korea because it sounds like the word for death, while thirteen is avoided in much of the West. In India, a sneeze before leaving home may delay a journey, and a lemon and chillies are hung over a shop. The evil eye is feared under many names: nazar, mal de ojo, ayin hara. First-footing at new year in Scotland is said to bring luck to a house.

Whose word is superstition

The word superstition has a history. Roman writers used it for religion they disliked, and Christian writers for forbidden practice. Today it often means someone else's belief. Many religions regard some of their own customs as faith and others as superstition, and where the line falls depends on the speaker. Using the word can mark a speaker as modern and a neighbour as backward. Tests of common superstitions show that people who hold them are not less educated or less rational than others, and many hold them lightly.

Why people keep them

Psychologists find that superstition rises with uncertainty and stakes, which is why athletes, sailors, students and gamblers are known for them. Anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski observed in the 1920s that Trobriand fishermen used rites in dangerous deep-sea fishing and not in safe lagoon fishing. Most people who follow small customs say they do so partly in jest and partly just in case. Similar customs turn up in places that have never met each other, which suggests that people everywhere respond to risk in similar ways.

When belief causes harm

Most superstitions are harmless. Some are not: beliefs about witchcraft have led to killings in parts of Africa, India and Papua New Guinea, and beliefs about albinism have led to attacks in Tanzania and Malawi. Others cost people money, as when a fee is demanded to lift a bad omen. Education, law and trusted community leaders have all been part of reducing harm. Campaigns by health workers, teachers and community radio have been effective where they listen first and explain later.

Photo credits on this page

The small pictures above come from Wikimedia Commons under free licences. Some are cropped to fit.

European witchcraft: Unknown author, CC BY 4.0, source

Ukuthwasa: Mycelium101, CC BY-SA 3.0, source

Pentagram: Tomruen, Attribution, source

Buda: Aberdeen Bestiary, Public domain, source

Zangbeto: Grete Howard, CC BY 3.0, source

Famadihana: Saveoursmile (Hery Zo Rakotondramanana), CC BY-SA 2.0, source

Witchcraft in Ghana: SALTN, CC BY-SA 4.0, source

Azande witchcraft: Unknown author, CC BY 4.0, source

Snake worship: Alexandermcnabb, CC BY-SA 4.0, source

Witch doctor: Lucjan Wędrychowski, Public domain, source

Juju: ILN Staff, after special artist correspondent Mr Harries F.R.G.S., Public domain, source

Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove: Cheeka 2.0, CC BY-SA 4.0, source

Fady: Robin Taylor, CC BY 2.0, source

Ndau witchcraft and sorcery: Mycelium101, CC BY-SA 3.0, source

Beliefs, omens and superstitions