Beliefs, omens and superstitions of the world

Beliefs, omens and superstitions are the small customs people keep without asking why: knocking on wood, salt over the shoulder, avoiding the number thirteen, the evil eye, a black cat crossing the road, a first visitor of the new year. They are found on every continent and are rarely tied to a priest or book. This page looks at where they come from, what the word superstition hides, and why they persist.

What they look like

Beliefs differ by place. The number four is avoided in China, Japan and Korea because it sounds like the word for death, while thirteen is avoided in much of the West. In India, a sneeze before leaving home may delay a journey, and a lemon and chillies are hung over a shop. The evil eye is feared under many names: nazar, mal de ojo, ayin hara. First-footing at new year in Scotland is said to bring luck to a house.

Whose word is superstition

The word superstition has a history. Roman writers used it for religion they disliked, and Christian writers for forbidden practice. Today it often means someone else's belief. Many religions regard some of their own customs as faith and others as superstition, and where the line falls depends on the speaker. Using the word can mark a speaker as modern and a neighbour as backward. Tests of common superstitions show that people who hold them are not less educated or less rational than others, and many hold them lightly.

Why people keep them

Psychologists find that superstition rises with uncertainty and stakes, which is why athletes, sailors, students and gamblers are known for them. Anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski observed in the 1920s that Trobriand fishermen used rites in dangerous deep-sea fishing and not in safe lagoon fishing. Most people who follow small customs say they do so partly in jest and partly just in case. Similar customs turn up in places that have never met each other, which suggests that people everywhere respond to risk in similar ways.

When belief causes harm

Most superstitions are harmless. Some are not: beliefs about witchcraft have led to killings in parts of Africa, India and Papua New Guinea, and beliefs about albinism have led to attacks in Tanzania and Malawi. Others cost people money, as when a fee is demanded to lift a bad omen. Education, law and trusted community leaders have all been part of reducing harm. Campaigns by health workers, teachers and community radio have been effective where they listen first and explain later.

Photo credits on this page

The small pictures above come from Wikimedia Commons under free licences. Some are cropped to fit.

Tarot: World Web Playing Card Museum, Public domain, source

Fortuna: Charles Samuel, CC BY-SA 4.0, source

Greek divination: Berthold Werner, CC BY-SA 3.0, source

Astrology: Wilfredor, CC0, source

Witchcraft in ancient Greece and Rome: Wilhelm Tischbein, Public domain, source

Witchcraft in Latin America: Unknown author, CC BY 4.0, source

Bagua: TarcísioTS at Portuguese Wikipedia, Public domain, source

Fortune-telling: Taras Shevchenko, Public domain, source

Onomancy: Unknown author, Public domain, source

Ancient Egyptian religion: Moh hakem, CC BY-SA 4.0, source

Magic in the Greco-Roman world: ArchaiOptix, CC BY-SA 4.0, source

Germanic seeress: Emil Doepler, Public domain, source

Ancestor veneration in China: Three huntings, CC BY-SA 4.0, source

Omen: Unknown author, Public domain, source

Dowsing: Unknown author, Public domain, source

Azande witchcraft: Unknown author, CC BY 4.0, source

Beliefs, omens and superstitions