Folk and village custom magic and ritual

Folk and village custom is the large body of belief and practice that belongs to no organised religion: the charm against the evil eye, the cure for warts, the fairy hawthorn, the household spirit, the lucky day. It is passed within families and communities and exists in every society. This page looks at how it is kept, who keeps it, and why it is both valued and dismissed. It is also called popular religion, vernacular religion or lived religion by scholars.

Keepers and settings

Keepers are often older women, farmers, midwives, shepherds and craftsmen. Settings are the house, field, well, crossroads and church porch. European cunning folk offered help for fees and kept charms and books. In many Asian and African villages the specialist is a healer, a diviner or a spirit medium working beside religion. The same grandmother may light a candle at church, tie a thread on a child and say a charm for a burn, and see no conflict between them.

Names and labels

The same thing carries many names: the evil eye is the nazar, mal de ojo and ayin hara. Folklorists collected such customs from the nineteenth century, sometimes as relics of a vanished past and sometimes as living culture. The label folk also marks class, since the term often implies rural, poor or uneducated, a bias that modern scholars try to avoid. Where the village has a wise woman or a bone-setter, the community knows what to ask of her and what she will refuse to do.

Religion, state and reform

Churches, mosques and temples have absorbed, tolerated and condemned folk practice in turn. States have banned it as backward: Chinese campaigns against superstition in the twentieth century closed local temples and shrines, and Soviet policy targeted village healers. At times governments have turned to it as national heritage, as in revived festivals across Europe and Asia. Historians and folklorists note that it often keeps old customs alive within newer religions, such as lighting fires at midsummer within Christian saints' days.

Change and commerce

Urban life and migration thin out folk knowledge, while heritage projects and the internet gather it. Customs reappear as products, such as protective charms in shops and festival tourism. Some folk practice carries harm: village accusation of witchcraft, treatments that delay medical care, and fees charged to relieve fear. Illness needs real medical care. In places with active heritage movements, folk custom has become a source of pride, and young people record songs and cures from grandparents before they are lost.

Photo credits on this page

The small pictures above come from Wikimedia Commons under free licences. Some are cropped to fit.

Dukun: Unknown author, CC BY-SA 3.0, source

Śuri: Marie-Lan Nguyen, Public domain, source

Oomancy: Rollcloud, CC BY 3.0, source

Spodomancy: Tim1965, CC BY-SA 3.0, source

Bibliomancy: Albert Robida, Public domain, source

Astragalomancy: Roland zh, CC BY-SA 3.0, source

Scapulimancy: Albert Peter Low, CC BY-SA 4.0, source

Machi: Unknown author, Public domain, source

Haruspicy: Lokilech, CC BY-SA 3.0, source

Chinese fortune telling: Lai Afong, Public domain, source

Hippomancy: Wer?Du?!, CC BY-SA 3.0, source

Cunning folk: Midnightblueowl at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, source

Witchcraft in ancient Greece and Rome: Wilhelm Tischbein, Public domain, source

Fortune-telling: Taras Shevchenko, Public domain, source

Germanic seeress: Emil Doepler, Public domain, source

Ancient Egyptian religion: Moh hakem, CC BY-SA 4.0, source

Folk and village custom: magic in this belief world