Black magic

What it is

The phrase describes supernatural acts driven by malice or selfish gain. It stands as the dark counterpart to white magic, which seeks good ends. The concept covers a wide range of activities, from cursing neighbors to invoking demons. Historically, it was grouped with witchcraft and forbidden arts. Modern definitions focus on the intent behind the act rather than the specific rituals performed. Some scholars prefer terms like low magic to describe these practices based on their perceived social standing.

Where it comes from

The English term first appeared in Edmund Spenser's poem The Faerie Queene. He adapted the word nigromancy, which comes from Latin roots meaning black divination. This term evolved from medieval necromancy. Robert M. Place traces the origins of such practices to primitive spirit worship. He suggests that early rituals aimed to control spirits for personal benefit. Over time, these practices were labeled as evil by religious authorities. The distinction between high and low magic emerged later, often reflecting class prejudices rather than moral ones.

How it is done

Practices vary widely but often involve invoking spirits or demons. Medieval accounts describe groups led by a figure with a grimoire. These rituals were sometimes performed in secret to avoid persecution. Natural magic offered a safer path for intellectuals during the Renaissance. Folk magic remained vulnerable to accusations of black arts. Modern practitioners often distance themselves from harmful intents. The focus is typically on achieving specific outcomes through supernatural means.

Tools and materials

Grimoires served as key texts for demonic magic in the Middle Ages. These books were usually written in Latin for educated elites. Rituals might include specific invocations or ceremonial actions. The color black is symbolically associated with the practice. Other tools depend on the specific tradition or accusation. Common themes include curses, poisons, and spirit travel.

What it is for

The primary goal is to cause harm or serve selfish desires. Accusations often target those who curse neighbors or destroy crops. Demonic invocation was a common fear in medieval times. Some believed practitioners could leave their bodies to travel spiritually. The intent distinguishes it from benevolent folk magic. However, labels like black magic were sometimes applied broadly to any non-mainstream practice.

Who does it

Historically, accused practitioners included sorcerers, witches, and cunning folk. Inquisitors targeted those suspected of demon worship. Educated elites sometimes practiced ritual magic secretly. Modern definitions separate harmful intent from general witchcraft. Wiccan circles often reject members who seek to do evil. Scholars study the historical perceptions and legal cases surrounding these figures.

Peoples and places

The concept appears in European history, particularly within Christian contexts. It was used to label forbidden arts in medieval canon law. Popular culture has linked it to various traditions, including Voodoo. In Voodoo, sorcerers known as bokor use both protective and harmful magic. The association with black magic often stems from modern stereotypes rather than indigenous beliefs. Russian media recently accused Ukrainian officials of using such magic.

What people believe

Beliefs center on the power to influence events through supernatural means. Demons and evil spirits are often invoked in these practices. The act itself is seen as morally corrupt due to its intent. Medieval theology viewed such magic as a pact with the devil. Natural magic was tolerated if it sought to understand nature. The line between good and bad magic is defined by the practitioner's goals.

When it is done

No specific festivals are tied to the general concept. Accusations often arose during periods of social crisis or war. Inquisitions targeted practices year-round as needed. Modern associations may appear in contemporary political rhetoric. Historical records show sporadic persecutions rather than regular ceremonies.

How scholars and sceptics see it

Researchers analyze the term as a social construct rather than a distinct practice. A. E. Waite documented historical rituals in his works. Montague Summers criticized the binary view of magic. Anthropologists note that labels like black magic often reflect cultural biases. Scholars distinguish between actual folk practices and imagined threats. The etymology reveals shifts in how society views spiritual power.

Compare and confuse

It is often contrasted with white magic, which aims for good. Gray magic represents a middle ground in some modern systems. Nigromancy specifically refers to historical demonic practices. Necromancy involves communication with the dead, not necessarily evil. Voodoo is frequently mislabeled as black magic in popular fiction. Demonology studies the beings invoked in these alleged practices.

Questions people ask about Black magic

Good reading and sources

• Encyclopaedia BritannicaArticle

• Black magic on WikipediaEncyclopedia
• Wikidata recordOpen data