Kitsune

What it is

The kitsune is a fox spirit within Japanese folklore, classified as a type of yōkai. While literally meaning fox, the term refers to a supernatural being with high intelligence and magical abilities. These spirits are believed to possess the power to transform their shape and appearance, a trait known as bakeru. They also have the ability to beguile humans, called bakasu. This bewitchment often involves leading travelers astray in mountains at night. Some kitsune act as benevolent guardians, while others serve as mischievous tricksters who play pranks like forcing victims to bathe in manure pits.

Where it comes from

The word kitsune appears in texts from the eighth century, such as the Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki. The concept likely evolved from ancient observations of wild foxes. Over time, these animals became associated with spiritual powers in Japanese belief. The idea of nine-tailed foxes was imported from Chinese classics, where celestial foxes were described. This influenced later Japanese tales, such as the story of Tamamo-no-mae, a vixen linked to the fall of the Shang dynasty. Early chronicles like the Nihon Shoki recorded foxes as omens, setting the stage for their later mythological status.

How it is done

Kitsune are said to use their magic to deceive people. A common trick is making someone lose their way in the dark. Other standard tricks include convincing victims to eat horse dung dumplings or accept worthless leaf money. In some regions, families known as kitsune-mochi were feared for their ability to command fox spirits. Practitioners like miko priestesses or shugendō priests could engage in kuchiyose, a séance to communicate with fox spirits. Some priests claimed to force controlled possession by a fox to speak on its behalf.

Tools and materials

The kitsune is often depicted holding a fox jewel, or tama, which aids in transformation and magic. White kitsune, called byakko, are considered good omens and are frequently shown with this jewel. Black foxes and nine-tailed foxes are also viewed positively. In Shinto contexts, statues of foxes are placed at shrines to ward off evil energy from the northeast. Offerings of abura-age, or fried tofu, are left at Inari shrines because the spirits are believed to favor this food.

What it is for

People consult kitsune for various reasons, ranging from protection to harm. Inari’s fox messengers are petitioned to aid locals against troublesome rogue foxes, known as nogitsune. They are also asked to protect homes and shrines from evil influences. Conversely, unwanted possession by a fox spirit, called kitsunetsuki, was treated as an illness requiring exorcism. Families believed to own tamed foxes were sometimes feared for their potential to unleash these spirits on others for malicious purposes.

Who does it

Spiritual specialists like miko priestesses and shugendō priests interact with kitsune. Miko might perform séances to channel fox spirits, while shugendō priests, or yamabushi, were reputed to summon air foxes or tube foxes. These familiar spirits, called osaki or kuda-gitsune, were believed to be small enough to fit inside tubes. In Izumo Province, certain families were known as fox owners, though their reputation often inspired fear rather than respect among neighbors.

Peoples and places

The kitsune is central to Japanese folklore and appears in many cultural works. The concept spread through medieval texts like the Nihon ryōiki, which featured stories of fox wives. The belief in fox possession was widespread across Japan. Regional variations exist, such as the specific practices in Izumo Province regarding fox owners. The spirit also appears in traditional theater, including Noh plays like Kokaji and kyogen performances like Tsurigitsune, reflecting its deep integration into Japanese artistic traditions.

What people believe

Kitsune are deeply tied to Shinto beliefs, particularly as messengers of Inari, the deity of rice. They are seen as capable of spiritual possession and can be either guardian spirits or malevolent entities. The number of tails indicates age and power, with nine tails representing the highest level of seniority. This hierarchy mirrors Chinese celestial fox myths. The spirit world is viewed as interconnected with the human world, where foxes can bridge the gap through transformation and possession.

When it is done

Foxes appear in weather myths, with sunshine rain associated with a kitsune wedding. Offerings of fried tofu are made at Inari shrines throughout the year. Specific rituals involving fox spirits were conducted by priests when possession occurred or when seeking protection. The timing of these interactions often depended on local needs and the perceived presence of the spirits rather than a fixed calendar.

How scholars and sceptics see it

Scholars analyze kitsune as part of Japanese folk religion and yōkai studies. Etymologists debate the word's origin, suggesting links to colors, sounds, or other animals. Historians note the influence of Chinese mythology on Japanese fox lore. Anthropologists study the social impact of beliefs like kitsunetsuki and the role of fox owners in communities. These studies highlight how the kitsune reflects broader cultural attitudes toward nature, spirituality, and the unknown.

Compare and confuse

The kitsune shares traits with other shapeshifting spirits like the tanuki and bakeneko. Both can transform and bewitch humans. The nine-tailed fox motif comes from Chinese mythology, influencing Japanese tales. Inari’s foxes are distinct from general trickster foxes, serving a specific religious function. The concept of fox spirits exists in other East Asian cultures, but the Japanese kitsune has unique characteristics.

Questions people ask about Kitsune

Good reading and sources

• Encyclopaedia BritannicaArticle

• Kitsune on WikipediaEncyclopedia
• More photos on Wikimedia CommonsPhotos and video
• Wikidata recordOpen data