Hindu astrology

What it is

Hindu astrology, also called jyotisha or Indian astrology, is a traditional system connected to the study of the Vedas. It functions as one of the six auxiliary disciplines in Hinduism. The practice relies on the sidereal zodiac and includes sub-systems like lunar mansions. It aims to predict auspicious times and understand planetary influences on human life.

Where it comes from

The foundation lies in the Vedanga Jyotisha, an early text about astronomy. Scholars debate whether horoscopic astrology came from Hellenistic influences or developed independently. Greek astrology likely arrived via texts like the Yavanajātaka in the early centuries CE. This transmission fixed the order of planets and introduced the twelve zodiacal signs.

How it is done

Practitioners use jyotiṣa charts, known as kundali, to interpret planetary positions. The system employs a sidereal zodiac adjusted for the precession of the equinoxes. It utilizes lunar mansions and mathematical formulae to track celestial movements. These calculations help determine dates for rituals and forecast events based on karma.

Tools and materials

The primary tools include the sidereal zodiac and the system of lunar mansions called Nakṣatra. Ancient texts reference water clocks and sundials for timekeeping. Modern practitioners rely on kundali charts derived from planetary positions. The Navagraha, or planetary deities, are central figures in these interpretations.

What it is for

It is used to name newborns, plan weddings, and decide on business ventures. Practitioners believe heavenly bodies influence earthly life through the fruit of karma. The system helps maintain calendars and identify auspicious times for Vedic rituals. It provides a framework for understanding events on a cosmic scale.

Who does it

Scholars and traditional astrologers study classical texts like the Bṛhat Parāśara Horāśāstra. These works date from the early medieval period and form the basis of modern practice. Universities in India offer degrees in the discipline, though this faces scientific opposition. Training involves mastering ancient Sanskrit treatises and mathematical calculations.

Peoples and places

The tradition is central to Hindu culture in India. It influences folk belief, calendar organization, and major life decisions. While originating in the Indian subcontinent, it has connections to broader Asian timekeeping concepts. Some scholars note parallels with Chinese and Mesopotamian systems, suggesting independent development or convergent evolution.

What people believe

The practice rests on the connection between the microcosm and macrocosm. Planetary influences are viewed as the fruit of karma. The Navagraha are considered subordinate to Ishvara, the supreme being. Eclipses were historically attributed to shadow entities like Rāhu. The system assumes celestial motions directly affect terrestrial events.

When it is done

Jyotisha structures time into Yuga intervals and lunisolar months. It defines days from sunrise to sunrise and tracks tithis. The system calculates positions of the Sun, Moon, and planets to maintain accurate calendars. It identifies auspicious moments for rituals and significant life events. The weekday order was fixed following Greek transmission.

How scholars and sceptics see it

The scientific community classifies astrology as a pseudoscience due to lack of evidence. Tests show no mechanism for stars to affect Earth. Indian scientists protested university courses on the subject. Courts have ruled that teaching it does not promote religion. Skeptics point out failed predictions, such as those regarding war or planetary alignments.

Rites that involve Hindu astrology

Questions people ask about Hindu astrology

Good reading and sources

• Encyclopaedia BritannicaArticle

• Hindu astrology on WikipediaEncyclopedia
• More photos on Wikimedia CommonsPhotos and video
• Wikidata recordOpen data