Tantra

What it is

Tantra represents a diverse set of esoteric yogic traditions originating in the Indian subcontinent. It encompasses a wide range of texts, rituals, and practices aimed at spiritual transformation. The tradition views the human body as a microcosm of the divine, often reflecting the union of masculine and feminine principles. Goals include supernatural accomplishment, pleasure, and liberation. It is not a single unified religion but a collection of methods found across Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.

Where it comes from

The tradition emerged in India during the middle of the first millennium CE. It initially developed within Shaivism and Shaktism practices. Later, it was adopted by Buddhist and Vaishnavite communities. The term itself appears in ancient Vedic texts with meanings related to weaving or extension. Its evolution into a distinct esoteric category occurred over centuries, influenced by various Indian philosophical schools.

How it is done

Practices involve sādhanā, which includes initiation, rituals, and yoga. Key elements are mantras, geometric patterns called mandalas, and specific gestures known as mudras. Practitioners engage in meditation and ritual worship. Some traditions focus on the awakening of kundalini energy within the body. Sexual practices exist but are rare, restricted to initiated adepts, and intended for spiritual transcendence rather than physical pleasure.

Tools and materials

The primary tool is the mantra, leading to the name Mantramārga in Hinduism. Texts known as tantras provide the framework for these practices. Ritual objects include mandalas for visualization and mudras for bodily positioning. The body itself is treated as a sacred instrument for mapping cosmic forces. Initiation by a teacher is a crucial step in accessing these techniques.

What it is for

The aims vary from achieving siddhi, or supernatural powers, to attaining moksha, or liberation. Some practices seek bhoga, or worldly pleasure, integrated with spiritual goals. The tradition addresses states of possession and exorcism. It offers a path to realize the divine within oneself through the union of opposing forces. Practitioners seek to transform their understanding of reality and self.

Who does it

Tantric practitioners are often referred to as Tantrikas. They undergo initiation (dīkṣā) to access secret teachings. The tradition is not limited to monks; householders also participate. Scholars note that defining a Tantrika is difficult due to the diversity of the tradition. Historically, Western scholars created the term 'Tantrism,' which does not reflect how practitioners view themselves.

Peoples and places

The tradition originated in India and spread to China, Japan, Nepal, and Indonesia. In Buddhism, it forms the basis of Vajrayana, including Tibetan, Chinese Esoteric, Japanese Shingon, and Nepalese Newar traditions. Hindu Tantra influences temple architecture and iconography. It has also impacted Jainism, Taoism, and Shinto. The practices vary significantly between these different cultural and religious contexts.

What people believe

Tantra presents complex cosmologies where the body reflects the union of Shiva and Shakti. It posits that the mundane and supramundane are interconnected. Practitioners believe that specific techniques can unlock spiritual potential hidden within the physical form. The tradition is generally monistic, seeking non-dual realization. It integrates Vedic, yogic, and meditative elements into a cohesive system of practice.

When it is done

Practices are often tied to individual initiation cycles or specific ritual requirements rather than a universal annual calendar.

How scholars and sceptics see it

Western scholars have historically struggled to define Tantra, often creating broad or narrow categories that may not fit all traditions. Terms like 'Tantrism' are considered colonial inventions. Scholars emphasize that sexual practices are misinterpreted in popular culture. Anthropological work on living traditions is scarce due to the perceived secrecy of the practices. Researchers focus on textual analysis and historical development.

Compare and confuse

Tantra is sometimes confused with general yoga or Hinduism. It shares similarities with Sufism in being an esoteric strand within a larger religion. The term 'Tantrism' is a Western construct, unlike indigenous terms. It is distinct from mainstream Vedic rituals, though it incorporates some Vedic elements. In Buddhism, it parallels but differs from other Mahayana paths.

Rites that involve Tantra

Questions people ask about Tantra

Good reading and sources

• Encyclopaedia BritannicaArticle

• Tantra on WikipediaEncyclopedia
• More photos on Wikimedia CommonsPhotos and video
• Wikidata recordOpen data